Local colleges and universities are entrusted with the pivotal responsibility of cultivating innovative application-oriented talents required by various industries, with the curriculum serving as a core element. However, most local institutions are currently encountering challenges in their course quality evaluation systems, including simplistic evaluation methods, a deficiency of process-oriented assessments, and singular evaluation standards, which adversely affect teaching quality. In light of these challenges, this paper advocates for the development of a closed-loop teaching quality assurance system, meticulously guided by an output-oriented framework. The study emphasizes the investigation of the course assessment component within the supervision and inspection system, aiming to develop “Three Dimensions and Four Transformations” for evaluating curriculum teaching quality. Years of practical experience have unequivocally demonstrated that this framework profoundly elevates both the efficacy of course instruction and the ongoing enhancement of talent cultivation quality. It provides feasible solutions for local institutions in their endeavors to assess and improve the quality of course teaching.