After eliminating absolute poverty, China will face a society with more complex relative poverty and remained vulnerable groups. On the basis of reviewing existing research, a theoretical analysis framework of “Empower the Vulnerable” is constructed, and an attempt is made to generate the overall logic of relative poverty governance based on the transformation of main contradictions and the nature of poverty. Research has found that there are favorable conditions in theory, system, and technology for promoting relative poverty governance, but there are also difficulties such as dynamic vulnerable groups being prone to returning to poverty, imperfect assistance mechanisms for normal vulnerable groups as well as large income distribution gaps among ordinary people. Based on this, it is suggested to enhance the link between poverty alleviation and rural revitalization, optimize social assistance governance mechanisms, foster social work professionals, and establish a fairer income distribution system.